Page 33 - Understanding NCERT Histroy 09th

• But, unfortunately, working hours were too long, and wages were very low.

• There was unemployment during the time of low demand for industrial goods.
• Liberals and radicals made wealth through trade or industrial ventures.
Goyal Brothers Prakashan
• According to them, society could be developed if the freed om of individuals was ensured,
if the poor could labour, and if those with capital could operate with out restriction.
• In France, Italy, Germany, and Russia, revolutionaries overthrew existing monarchs.
Nationalists talked of revolutions to create ‘nations’ with equal rights.

1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
l Socialism became a new idea in Europe in the nineteenth century.
• Robert Owen (1771-1858) built a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana
(USA).
• Louis Blanc (1813-1882) developed a cooperative society and replaced capital is tenter
prises.
• According to Marx, industrial society was the capitalist society. Capitalists owned the
capitals invested in factories, but the profit of capitalists were produced by the workers.
• Capitalism and the rule of private property had to be overthrown. Karl Marx believed
that a communist society was the natural society of the future.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added to the body of arguments.

Activity
(Page no. 28)
Q. List two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property.
Ans. Two differences are:
(i) The capitalists believed that individuals owned private property whereas the socialists
believed that all property belonged to the society as a whole, i.e., to the government.
(ii) The capitalists believed that the profits from the property should belong to the property
owners, whereas the socialist believed that profits are earned due to the workers’ hard
work. So profit should be shared with workers.

1.4 Support for Socialism
l By the 1870s, socialist were formed an international body, known as the Second
International.
• Workers in Germany and England formed associations to fight for better living and
working conditions.
• The Labour Party in Britain and Socialist Party in France were formed by the socialists
and trade unionists in 1905.

Activity
(Page no. 29)
Q. Imagine that a meeting has been called in your area to discuss the socialist idea of
doing away with private property and introducing collective ownership. Write the
speech you would make at the meeting if you are:
 a poor labourer working in the fields

H-26 History Class IX